NLP Forums

Research reviews

January 15th, 2007

Research reviews
NLP and science, List of studies on Neuro-linguistic programming

Peer-reviewed psychological and experimental literature in NLP has been sporadic.

Sharpley (1987), stated that the techniques and underlying theory of NLP, as a counseling tool, were both empirically unvalidated and unsupported.[1] A literature review by Sharpley (1984) found “little research evidence supporting its usefulness as an effective counseling tool”[40] and no reproducible support for preferred representational systems (PRS) and predicate matching.[16] Sharpley (1987) states “there are conclusive data from the research on NLP, and the conclusion is that the principles and procedures of NLP have failed to be supported by those data”.

Einspruch and Forman (1985) broadly agreed with Sharpley but disputed the conclusions identifying a failure to address methodological errors in the research reviewed. They stated “NLP is far more complex than presumed by researchers, and thus, the data are not true evaluations of NLP” adding that NLP is difficult to test under the traditional counseling framework. Moreover the research lacked a necessary understanding of pattern recognition as part of advanced NLP training and furthermore, that there was inadequate control of context, an unfamiliarity with NLP as an approach to therapy, inadequate definitions of rapport and numerous logical mistakes in the research methodology.[11]

Sharpley (1987) responded with more studies on the basic tenets of NLP stating “certainly research data do not support the rather extreme claims that proponents of NLP have made as to the validity of its principles or the novelty of its procedures.” and also that NLP may be untestable stating “perhaps NLP principles are not amenable to research evaluation. This does not necessarily reduce NLP to worthlessness for counseling practice. LIMITED TIME OFFER 20% OFF every order; Fast, Reliable and Best prices; Satisfaction 100% guaranteed. Astelin (azelastine) prevents sneezing, itching, runny nose, and other nasal Do not use Astelin without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. Guarantee Low Price. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Astelin)AstelinOct 19, 2008 The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Astastelin, azelastine, allergy, nasal spray ASTELIN. Rather, it puts NLP in the same category as psychoanalysis, that is, with principles not easily demonstrated in laboratory settings but, nevertheless, strongly supported by clinicians in the field.” [1]

Druckman and Swets (1988) (USNRC) found that “studies fail to provide an empirical base of support for NLP assumptions…or NLP effectiveness. The committee cannot recommend the employment of such an unvalidated technique”. They also concluded matching representational systems to gain rapport was ineffective, however the idea of modeling of expert performance “merits further consideration” [2]. In a follow up study on modeling (amongst other matters) by Swets and Bjork (1991) NLP was not included except by way of acknowledgment for the idea.[41]

Michael Heap (1988), a researcher in hypnosis, asserted that “the effectiveness of NLP therapy undertaken in authentic clinical contexts of trained practitioners has not yet been properly investigated.” and further that “there is not, and never has been, any substance to the conjecture that people represent their world internally in a preferred mode which may be inferred from their choice of predicates and from their eye movements.”[17]

Efran and Lukens (1990) stated that the “original interest in NLP turned to disillusionment after the research and now it is rarely even mentioned in psychotherapy”.[42]

Barry Beyerstein (1990) asserts that “though it claims neuroscience in its pedigree, NLP’s outmoded view of the relationship between cognitive style and brain function ultimately boils down to crude analogie Avapro 300 mg. Accurate, FDA approved Avapro information for healthcare professionals and patients - brought to you by Drugs. The antihypertensive effects of AVAPRO (irbesartan) were examined in 7 major The mean blood pressure achieved was 142/77 mmHg for AVAPRO, 142/76 mmHgAvapro 300mg 100 Tablets $79. Accurate, FDA approved Avapro information for healthcare professionals and patients - brought to you by Drugs. s.”[43] With reference to all the ‘neuromythologies’ covered in his article, including NLP, he states “In the long run perhaps the heaviest cost extracted by neuromythologists is the one common to all pseudosciences—deterioration in the already low levels of scientific literacy and critical thinking in society. “[43]

Von Bergen et al (1997) state NLP was dropped from the experimental psychology research stream. They stated that “in relation to current understanding of neurology and perception, NLP is in error” and that “NLP does not stand up to scientific scrutiny” [ The timely difference of PRANDIN ® (repaglinide) Tablets PRANDIN ® lowers your blood glucose levels by helping your body release insulin, like some other oral medications do forPrandin 90 Pills X 1 Mg, Pletal No Prescription, Nexium 30 Pills X 40 Mg, Buy Prilosec, Zocor Overnight. Includes Prandin side effects, interactions and indications. Some commonly used brand namesPrandin and Starlix, meglitinides, are type 2 medications that increase first phase insulin release in the pancreas. Medical information about Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Type 1, and Metabolic Disorders treatment and medications. 44].

Carbonell and Figley at Florida State University, Traumatology have published an exploratory study on V/KD, a component of NLP, and three other novel treatments for trauma (Thought Field Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Traumatic Incident Reduction). The active ingredient for V/KD, was in deliberately creating a temporary state of dissociation from the traumatic event. However, this study was not designed as an outcome study, thus no conclusions can be drawn about the efficacy of these techniques from that study.[45][46][47] With reference to this exploratory study (including NLP) John Wilson states that while it is “adequately descriptive of the clinical procedures, there is little, if any, empirically validated dated outcome studies to substantiate a theory driven and research informed brief treatment (p. 173–207).”[48]

Donald Eisner (2000) in The Death of Psychotherapy, states that “There is only one problem with the claims made by NLP and the IDEA Seminars: not one iota of clinical research supports any of the c Call: 1-800-501-4214. Prescribing Information for VASOTEC. Prescribing Information for VASOTEC. Free shipping for all orders. laims. Apparently, no peer-reviewed research has been published for over a decade. Moreover, there has been virtually no comparative research recently that assesses NLP’s effectiveness. Word of mouth, reputation, charisma and neatly packaged seminars seem to constitute proof of NLP’s favorable outcome. If such incredible results had truly been achieved, why haven’t they been documented and presented to the scientific community and the general public”.[49]

Lilienfield et al (2002), describe NLP as “a scientifically unsubstantiated therapeutic method that purports to “program” brain functioning through a variety of techniques, including mirroring the postures and nonverbal behaviors of clients” and include it in their description “(Quick Fix + Pseudoscientific Gloss) x Credulous Public = High Income”.[50].

Devilly (2005) states that “at the time of its introduction, NLP was heralded as a breakthrough in therapy and advertisements for training workshops, videos and books began to appears in trade magazines. The workshops provided certification… However, controlled studies shed such a poor light on the practice, and those promoting the intervention made such extreme and changeable claims that researchers began to question the wisdom of researching the area further and even suggested that NLP was an untestable theory”…”NLP is no longer as prevalent as it was in the 1970s or 1980s, but is still practiced in small pockets of the human resource community. The science has come and gone, yet the belief still remains”.

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Science and pseudoscience

January 15th, 2007

Science and pseudoscience

Robert Dilts and Judith Delozier claim “NLP is rooted in the synthesis of three areas of modern science: neurophysiology, linguistics and cybernetics (computer programming).” [32] Grinder & Bostic St Clair (2001) make suggestions about what needs to be done next to “improve the practice [of NLP] and take its rightful place as a scientifically based endeavor with its precise focus on one of the extremes of human behavior: excellence and the high performers who actually do it.”[33] They ask those interested to work with researchers in cognitive linguistics and neuroscience to begin to improve the relationship with those fields. O’Connor and Seymour, in “Introducing NLP” (2002), originally published in 1990 and endorsed by both Dilts and Grinder, state “NLP is the art and science of personal excellence…. Science because there is a method and process for discovering the patterns used by outstanding individuals in any field to achieve outstanding results. This process is called modelling,…”.[34]. Psycholinguist Willem Levelt (1996) states “NLP is not informed about linguistics literature, it is based on vague insights that were out of date long ago, their linguistics concepts are not properly construed or are mere fabrications, and conclusions are based upon the wrong premises.”… “NLP theory and practice has nothing to do with neuroscientific insights or linguistics, nor with informatics or theories of programming”.[35][36] Cognitive neuroscience researcher Michael C Corballis (1999) agrees and says that “NLP is a thoroughly fake title, designed to give the impression of scientific respectability.”[37] Drenth (2003) uses the “movement known by the name NLP” to illustrate his descriptions of pseudoscience, stating “Unlike diagnosis, prediction of human performance or behavior, and assessment, therapy is not an (applied) scientific activity. Criteria for therapeutic activity is effectiveness, not verity;” … “But what brings some of these therapeutic approaches into the category of pseudoscience is the claim that their presumptions are predicated on scientific understanding and scientific evidence.” [35] [38] Psychologist Margaret Singer (1996) criticizes NLP promoters and advertisers for continuing to “call the originators ’scientists’ and to use such terms a ’science’, ‘technology’ and ‘hi-tech psychology’ in describing NLP”(p.172)

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History and development

January 15th, 2007

History and development
Main article: History of neuro-linguistic programming

1970s: Founding and early development

NLP was co-founded and developed jointly by Richard Bandler and UCSC assistant professor of linguistics John Grinder under the tutelage of noted anthropologist Gregory Bateson, at the University of California, Santa Cruz, during the 1960s and 1970s. At that time the Californian human potential seminars were developing into a viable industry. Gregory Bateson (see Esalen Institute) was influenced by Alfred Korzybski particularly his ideas about human modeling and that ‘the map is not the territory’. These ideas were adopted by Bandler and Grinder[7]. From 1972, the co-founders of NLP had an interest in the exceptional communications skills of gestalt therapist Fritz Perls, family therapist Virginia Satir and founding president of the American Society for Clinical Hypnosis, Milton H. Erickson. Subsequently Structure of Magic Series (1975) and Patterns of Milton H. Erickson (1976, 1977) were published using those therapists as models. In the late 1970s, Leslie Cameron-Bandler, Judith DeLozier, Robert Dilts, and David Gordon worked with the co-founders and separately to contribute to the development of NLP.

1980s: New developments and scientific assessment

In the 1980s, shortly after publishing Neuro-linguistic Programming Volume 1 [8] with Robert Dilts and Judith Delozier, Grinder and Bandler fell out. Amidst acrimony and intellectual property lawsuits, NLP started to be developed haphazardly by many individuals. During the 1980s John Grinder and Judith Delozier collaborated to develop a form of NLP called the New Code of NLP which attempted to restore a whole mind-body systemic approach to NLP. Richard Bandler also published new processes with submodalities and Ericksonian hypnosis as in Using Your Brain: For a Change (1984). Meanwhile Anthony Robbins who taught NLP in the late 1970s, began mass marketing products incorporating aspects of NLP (renamed as Neuro Associative Conditioning). Other practitioners and trainers modified, renamed and developed their own variations of NLP. Michael Hall offered NLP with a focus on what he termed meta-states (mentally stepping back and viewing the self from a larger perspective). Tad James developed a timeline therapy consulting technique [citation needed] where clients were encouraged to visualise, and perhaps also physically create the timeline of their life (or facets of it) and then alter and improve that timeline. NLP contributors Judith DeLozier, and Connirae and Steve Andreas also emerged during this time. Given the multiplicity of developers and trainers, there was to be no single definitive system of NLP.[2]

In the late 1980s, Sharpley’s (1984, 1987) research reviews in experimental counseling psychology and by the United States National Research Council gave NLP an overall negative assessment. Thereafter, except for sporadic articles on NLP in different fields, there was a marked decrease in NLP research.

1990s: Controversy, division, and marketing

In July of 1996 after many years of legal controversy, Bandler filed a lawsuit against John Grinder et al, claiming retrospective sole ownership of NLP, and the sole right to use the term under trademark.[24][25] Contemporaneous with Bandler’s suits in the Supreme Court of the United States[citation needed], Tony Clarkson (a UK practitioner) successfully asked the UK High Court to revoke Bandler’s UK registered trademark of “NLP”, in order to clarify legally that ‘NLP’ was a generic term rather than intellectual property. [26] Due to the fragmentation of NLP practice and the lack of a defining and regulating structure to oversee the rapidly growing field, it seemed for a time that NLP could be (and was) promoted as the “latest thing”, a panacea, or universal miracle solution.[27][28] Dubious models and practices burgeoned, in parallel with bona fide. For a number of these new practices, profit, marketability or New Age appeal proved a stronger motive than realism or ethics.[citation needed]Despite the NLP community being splintered, most NLP material acknowledges the early work of the co-founders, Bandler and Grinder, and the development group that surrounded them in the 1970s.

2000s: Legal settlement and government regulation

In 2001, the law suits were settled with Bandler and Grinder agreeing to be known as co-founders of NLP. Since 1978, a 20 day NLP practitioner certification program had been in existence for training therapists to apply NLP as an adjunct to their professional qualifications. In the 1990’s, following attempts to put NLP on a more formally regulated footing in the UK, other governments began certifying NLP courses and providers, such as in Australia for example, where a graduate certificate in Neuro-linguistic programming is accredited under the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF).[29]. NLP continues to be an open field of training with no ‘official’ best practice. With different authors, individual trainers and practitioners having developed their own methods, concepts and labels, often branding them as “NLP”:[30], the training standards and quality differ greatly.[31] In Europe, the European NLP therapy association has been promoting their training in line with European therapy standards. The multiplicity and general lack of controls has led to difficulty discerning the comparative level competence, skill and attitude in different NLP trainings. According to Peter Schütz the length of training in Europe varies from 2-3 days, for the hobbyist, to 35-40 days over at least nine months to achieve a professional level of competence.

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NLP Forums list

January 15th, 2007

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Representational systems and Preferred representational systems

January 15th, 2007

Representational systems (NLP)

In NLP, representational systems are seen as ways of perceiving the world through the senses and of storing the information from the senses in the mind. Memories are closely linked to sensory experience. When people are involved in tasks, such as making conversation, describing a problem in therapy, kicking a ball or riding a horse, their representational systems, consisting of images, sounds, feelings (and possibly smell and taste) are being activated at the same time.[2] This can limit peoples capacity or result in negative associations. Many NLP techniques rely on ascertaining and manipulating the sequences of representational systems.

Preferred representational systems

NLP teaches that each person has an internal preferred representational system (PRS) which a practitoner can ascertain from external cues such as the direction of eye movements, posture, breathing, voice tone and the use of sensory-based predicates. The practitioner is taught to ‘mirror’ these cues for better communication. For example when someone says, “I can’t see a future for myself” then an NLP practitioner might respond using visual predicates to assist the speaker to build more positive visual representations. The existence of a preferred representational system indicated by external cues has been discounted by research.

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Milton model

January 15th, 2007

Milton model

The milton model is a form of hypnotherapy based on the language patterns for hypnotic communication of Milton Erickson, a noted hypnotherapist.[12] The milton model has three primary uses: Firstly, to assist in building and maintaining rapport with the client. Secondly, to allow for interpretation in the words offered to the client. Thirdly, to overload and distract the conscious mind so that unconscious communication can be cultivated.[13]
1. Rapport

The first aspect, building rapport, is done by ‘pacing’ (pacing the clients beliefs) and leading. Used in isolation the meta model can be confronting so the milton model is used to soften it. It also includes non-verbal rapport which is achieved through matching body posture, breathing or other automatic behaviors.
2. Indirect communication

The second aspect of the milton model is that it is purposely vague and metaphoric and is used to soften the meta model and make indirect suggestions.[14] A direct suggestion merely states what is wanted, for example, “when you are in front of the audience you will not feel nervous”. In contrast an indirect suggestion is less authoritative and leaves an opportunity for interpretation, for example, “When you are in front of the audience, you might find yourself feeling ever more confident”. This example follows the indirect method leaving both the specific time and level of self-confidence unspecified. It might be made even more indirect by saying, “when you come to a decision to speak in public, you may find it appealing how your feelings have changed.” The choice of speaking in front of the audience, the exact time and the likely responses to the whole process are framed but the imprecise language gives the client the opportunity to fill in the finer details.[15]
3. Overloading conscious attention

The third aspect of the milton model is that it uses ambiguity in language and non-verbal communication. This might also be combined with vagueness, which arises when the boundaries of meaning are indistinct. The use of ambiguity and vagueness increases the workload on the conscious mind and gives the unconscious mind the opportunity to prosper.

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NLP - Meta model

January 15th, 2007

Meta model (NLP)

In NLP the Meta-model is a set of specifying questions or language patterns designed to challenge and expand the limits to a person’s model or ‘map’ of the world. When a person speaks about a problem or situation their choice of words will distort, generalize, and delete portions of their experience. By listening to and responding to these language patterns the practitioner seeks to help the client to recover the information that is under the surface of the words. In business or therapy, this might be used to help a client elaborate the details of problems, proposals and objectives by asking about the important information that has been left out. For example, a person states that “we need to make a decision”, a response could be to ask who will be actually be doing the deciding and how exactly the process of deciding (from decision) would take place. The word we does not specify who is doing the action. Also, the word ‘decision’ is a process which had been turned into a abstract noun. In that statement there was also an implied necessity (from need) which could also be challenged to find out if it really is a necessity.[7]

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NLP - Internal ‘maps’ of the worldInternal ‘maps’ of the world

January 15th, 2007

NLP calls each individual’s perception of the world their ‘map’. NLP teaches that our mind-body (neuro) and what we say (language) all interact together to form our perceptions of the world, or maps (programming). Each person’s map of the world determines feelings and behavior. Therefore, impoverished - and unrealistic - maps can restrict choices and result in problems. As an approach to therapy it involves understanding that people create their own internal ‘map’ or world, recognizing unhelpful or destructive patterns of thinking based on impoverished maps of the world, then modifying or replacing these patterns with more useful or helpful ones. There is also an emphasis on ways to change internal representations or maps of the world in order to increase behavioral flexibility

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NLP Concepts and methods

January 15th, 2007

Concepts and methods

Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is based on the idea that with our senses we are only able to perceive a small part of the world. Our view of the world is filtered by our experience, beliefs, values and assumptions. We act and feel based on our perception of the world rather than the real world. NLP teaches that language and behaviors (whether functional or dysfunctional) are highly structured, and that this structure can be ‘modeled’ or copied into a reproducible form.[6] Using NLP a person can ‘model’ the more successful parts of their own behavior in order to reproduce it in areas where they are less successful or ‘model’ another person to effect belief and behavior changes to improve functioning. If someone excels in some activity, it can be learned how specifically they do it by observing certain important details of their behaviour.[7] NLP embodies several techniques, including hypnotic techniques, which proponents claim can effect changes in the way people think, learn and communicat

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Neuro-linguistic programming

January 15th, 2007

Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is a set of techniques, axioms and beliefs, that adherents use primarily as an approach to personal development. It is based on the idea that mind, body and language interact to create an individuals perception of the world and that perceptions, and hence behaviors, can be changed by the application of a variety of techniques; in particular, “modeling” which involves the careful reproduction of the behaviors and beliefs of those who have achieved ‘excellence’, or of the more successful parts of oneself.

[edit]
General Description

NLP was influenced by the ideas of the New Age era as well as beliefs in human potential. The basic ideas of NLP were developed around 1973 by Richard Bandler, a student, and John Grinder, a professor of linguistics, in association with the social scientist Gregory Bateson. It is an eclectic field, and covers a wide array of aspects of personal development. The early focus of NLP was the study of the underlying patterns in the language and techniques of noted and successful therapists in hypnotherapy, gestalt therapy and family therapy. Although the underlying theoretical principles have not been supported by scientific research,[1][2] a number of its techniques appear to have been based upon existing therapeutic techniques.[1] NLP continues to be used as an adjunct by some therapists in other therapeutic disciplines, and has also developed as a therapy in its own right based on the model created from the study of successful therapists. Subsequently techniques have been applied to a variety of fields, often in the form of group training or seminars in addition to individual client/practitioner based work. NLP practitioners deal with personal issues ranging from reframing negative beliefs, to dealing with stage fright and simple phobias, to self-help, depression, or addiction. More generally they deal with peak performance assistance in business or sports and communications and motivation. NLP and its techniques have been widely adopted for use in motivational seminars, adult learning, and management and sales training, often being mixed with pop psychology and other applications outside of mainstream, like seduction. NLP lacks a defining and regulating structure and the quality and length of training varies widely. Despite its popularity,[3][4] NLP continues to be controversial, particularly for use in therapy, and after three decades of existence remains scientifically unvalidated.[5]

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