History and development

admin — Mon, 15 Jan 2007 23:09:42 +0000

History and development
Main article: History of neuro-linguistic programming

1970s: Founding and early development

NLP was co-founded and developed jointly by Richard Bandler and UCSC assistant professor of linguistics John Grinder under the tutelage of noted anthropologist Gregory Bateson, at the University of California, Santa Cruz, during the 1960s and 1970s. At that time the Californian human potential seminars were developing into a viable industry. Gregory Bateson (see Esalen Institute) was influenced by Alfred Korzybski particularly his ideas about human modeling and that ‘the map is not the territory’. These ideas were adopted by Bandler and Grinder[7]. From 1972, the co-founders of NLP had an interest in the exceptional communications skills of gestalt therapist Fritz Perls, family therapist Virginia Satir and founding president of the American Society for Clinical Hypnosis, Milton H. Erickson. Subsequently Structure of Magic Series (1975) and Patterns of Milton H. Erickson (1976, 1977) were published using those therapists as models. In the late 1970s, Leslie Cameron-Bandler, Judith DeLozier, Robert Dilts, and David Gordon worked with the co-founders and separately to contribute to the development of NLP.

1980s: New developments and scientific assessment

In the 1980s, shortly after publishing Neuro-linguistic Programming Volume 1 [8] with Robert Dilts and Judith Delozier, Grinder and Bandler fell out. Amidst acrimony and intellectual property lawsuits, NLP started to be developed haphazardly by many individuals. During the 1980s John Grinder and Judith Delozier collaborated to develop a form of NLP called the New Code of NLP which attempted to restore a whole mind-body systemic approach to NLP. Richard Bandler also published new processes with submodalities and Ericksonian hypnosis as in Using Your Brain: For a Change (1984). Meanwhile Anthony Robbins who taught NLP in the late 1970s, began mass marketing products incorporating aspects of NLP (renamed as Neuro Associative Conditioning). Other practitioners and trainers modified, renamed and developed their own variations of NLP. Michael Hall offered NLP with a focus on what he termed meta-states (mentally stepping back and viewing the self from a larger perspective). Tad James developed a timeline therapy consulting technique [citation needed] where clients were encouraged to visualise, and perhaps also physically create the timeline of their life (or facets of it) and then alter and improve that timeline. NLP contributors Judith DeLozier, and Connirae and Steve Andreas also emerged during this time. Given the multiplicity of developers and trainers, there was to be no single definitive system of NLP.[2]

In the late 1980s, Sharpley’s (1984, 1987) research reviews in experimental counseling psychology and by the United States National Research Council gave NLP an overall negative assessment. Thereafter, except for sporadic articles on NLP in different fields, there was a marked decrease in NLP research.

1990s: Controversy, division, and marketing

In July of 1996 after many years of legal controversy, Bandler filed a lawsuit against John Grinder et al, claiming retrospective sole ownership of NLP, and the sole right to use the term under trademark.[24][25] Contemporaneous with Bandler’s suits in the Supreme Court of the United States[citation needed], Tony Clarkson (a UK practitioner) successfully asked the UK High Court to revoke Bandler’s UK registered trademark of “NLP”, in order to clarify legally that ‘NLP’ was a generic term rather than intellectual property. [26] Due to the fragmentation of NLP practice and the lack of a defining and regulating structure to oversee the rapidly growing field, it seemed for a time that NLP could be (and was) promoted as the “latest thing”, a panacea, or universal miracle solution.[27][28] Dubious models and practices burgeoned, in parallel with bona fide. For a number of these new practices, profit, marketability or New Age appeal proved a stronger motive than realism or ethics.[citation needed]Despite the NLP community being splintered, most NLP material acknowledges the early work of the co-founders, Bandler and Grinder, and the development group that surrounded them in the 1970s.

2000s: Legal settlement and government regulation

In 2001, the law suits were settled with Bandler and Grinder agreeing to be known as co-founders of NLP. Since 1978, a 20 day NLP practitioner certification program had been in existence for training therapists to apply NLP as an adjunct to their professional qualifications. In the 1990’s, following attempts to put NLP on a more formally regulated footing in the UK, other governments began certifying NLP courses and providers, such as in Australia for example, where a graduate certificate in Neuro-linguistic programming is accredited under the Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF).[29]. NLP continues to be an open field of training with no ‘official’ best practice. With different authors, individual trainers and practitioners having developed their own methods, concepts and labels, often branding them as “NLP”:[30], the training standards and quality differ greatly.[31] In Europe, the European NLP therapy association has been promoting their training in line with European therapy standards. The multiplicity and general lack of controls has led to difficulty discerning the comparative level competence, skill and attitude in different NLP trainings. According to Peter Schütz the length of training in Europe varies from 2-3 days, for the hobbyist, to 35-40 days over at least nine months to achieve a professional level of competence.

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Representational systems and Preferred representational systems

admin — Mon, 15 Jan 2007 23:03:46 +0000

Representational systems (NLP)

In NLP, representational systems are seen as ways of perceiving the world through the senses and of storing the information from the senses in the mind. Memories are closely linked to sensory experience. When people are involved in tasks, such as making conversation, describing a problem in therapy, kicking a ball or riding a horse, their representational systems, consisting of images, sounds, feelings (and possibly smell and taste) are being activated at the same time.[2] This can limit peoples capacity or result in negative associations. Many NLP techniques rely on ascertaining and manipulating the sequences of representational systems.

Preferred representational systems

NLP teaches that each person has an internal preferred representational system (PRS) which a practitoner can ascertain from external cues such as the direction of eye movements, posture, breathing, voice tone and the use of sensory-based predicates. The practitioner is taught to ‘mirror’ these cues for better communication. For example when someone says, “I can’t see a future for myself” then an NLP practitioner might respond using visual predicates to assist the speaker to build more positive visual representations. The existence of a preferred representational system indicated by external cues has been discounted by research.

Milton model

admin — Mon, 15 Jan 2007 22:58:06 +0000

Milton model

The milton model is a form of hypnotherapy based on the language patterns for hypnotic communication of Milton Erickson, a noted hypnotherapist.[12] The milton model has three primary uses: Firstly, to assist in building and maintaining rapport with the client. Secondly, to allow for interpretation in the words offered to the client. Thirdly, to overload and distract the conscious mind so that unconscious communication can be cultivated.[13]
1. Rapport

The first aspect, building rapport, is done by ‘pacing’ (pacing the clients beliefs) and leading. Used in isolation the meta model can be confronting so the milton model is used to soften it. It also includes non-verbal rapport which is achieved through matching body posture, breathing or other automatic behaviors.
2. Indirect communication

The second aspect of the milton model is that it is purposely vague and metaphoric and is used to soften the meta model and make indirect suggestions.[14] A direct suggestion merely states what is wanted, for example, “when you are in front of the audience you will not feel nervous”. In contrast an indirect suggestion is less authoritative and leaves an opportunity for interpretation, for example, “When you are in front of the audience, you might find yourself feeling ever more confident”. This example follows the indirect method leaving both the specific time and level of self-confidence unspecified. It might be made even more indirect by saying, “when you come to a decision to speak in public, you may find it appealing how your feelings have changed.” The choice of speaking in front of the audience, the exact time and the likely responses to the whole process are framed but the imprecise language gives the client the opportunity to fill in the finer details.[15]
3. Overloading conscious attention

The third aspect of the milton model is that it uses ambiguity in language and non-verbal communication. This might also be combined with vagueness, which arises when the boundaries of meaning are indistinct. The use of ambiguity and vagueness increases the workload on the conscious mind and gives the unconscious mind the opportunity to prosper.

NLP - Meta model

admin — Mon, 15 Jan 2007 22:57:25 +0000

Meta model (NLP)

In NLP the Meta-model is a set of specifying questions or language patterns designed to challenge and expand the limits to a person’s model or ‘map’ of the world. When a person speaks about a problem or situation their choice of words will distort, generalize, and delete portions of their experience. By listening to and responding to these language patterns the practitioner seeks to help the client to recover the information that is under the surface of the words. In business or therapy, this might be used to help a client elaborate the details of problems, proposals and objectives by asking about the important information that has been left out. For example, a person states that “we need to make a decision”, a response could be to ask who will be actually be doing the deciding and how exactly the process of deciding (from decision) would take place. The word we does not specify who is doing the action. Also, the word ‘decision’ is a process which had been turned into a abstract noun. In that statement there was also an implied necessity (from need) which could also be challenged to find out if it really is a necessity.[7]

NLP - Internal ‘maps’ of the worldInternal ‘maps’ of the world

admin — Mon, 15 Jan 2007 22:55:57 +0000

NLP calls each individual’s perception of the world their ‘map’. NLP teaches that our mind-body (neuro) and what we say (language) all interact together to form our perceptions of the world, or maps (programming). Each person’s map of the world determines feelings and behavior. Therefore, impoverished - and unrealistic - maps can restrict choices and result in problems. As an approach to therapy it involves understanding that people create their own internal ‘map’ or world, recognizing unhelpful or destructive patterns of thinking based on impoverished maps of the world, then modifying or replacing these patterns with more useful or helpful ones. There is also an emphasis on ways to change internal representations or maps of the world in order to increase behavioral flexibility

NLP Concepts and methods

admin — Mon, 15 Jan 2007 22:55:23 +0000

Concepts and methods

Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is based on the idea that with our senses we are only able to perceive a small part of the world. Our view of the world is filtered by our experience, beliefs, values and assumptions. We act and feel based on our perception of the world rather than the real world. NLP teaches that language and behaviors (whether functional or dysfunctional) are highly structured, and that this structure can be ‘modeled’ or copied into a reproducible form.[6] Using NLP a person can ‘model’ the more successful parts of their own behavior in order to reproduce it in areas where they are less successful or ‘model’ another person to effect belief and behavior changes to improve functioning. If someone excels in some activity, it can be learned how specifically they do it by observing certain important details of their behaviour.[7] NLP embodies several techniques, including hypnotic techniques, which proponents claim can effect changes in the way people think, learn and communicat

Neuro-linguistic programming

admin — Mon, 15 Jan 2007 22:53:29 +0000

Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is a set of techniques, axioms and beliefs, that adherents use primarily as an approach to personal development. It is based on the idea that mind, body and language interact to create an individuals perception of the world and that perceptions, and hence behaviors, can be changed by the application of a variety of techniques; in particular, “modeling” which involves the careful reproduction of the behaviors and beliefs of those who have achieved ‘excellence’, or of the more successful parts of oneself.

[edit]
General Description

NLP was influenced by the ideas of the New Age era as well as beliefs in human potential. The basic ideas of NLP were developed around 1973 by Richard Bandler, a student, and John Grinder, a professor of linguistics, in association with the social scientist Gregory Bateson. It is an eclectic field, and covers a wide array of aspects of personal development. The early focus of NLP was the study of the underlying patterns in the language and techniques of noted and successful therapists in hypnotherapy, gestalt therapy and family therapy. Although the underlying theoretical principles have not been supported by scientific research,[1][2] a number of its techniques appear to have been based upon existing therapeutic techniques.[1] NLP continues to be used as an adjunct by some therapists in other therapeutic disciplines, and has also developed as a therapy in its own right based on the model created from the study of successful therapists. Subsequently techniques have been applied to a variety of fields, often in the form of group training or seminars in addition to individual client/practitioner based work. NLP practitioners deal with personal issues ranging from reframing negative beliefs, to dealing with stage fright and simple phobias, to self-help, depression, or addiction. More generally they deal with peak performance assistance in business or sports and communications and motivation. NLP and its techniques have been widely adopted for use in motivational seminars, adult learning, and management and sales training, often being mixed with pop psychology and other applications outside of mainstream, like seduction. NLP lacks a defining and regulating structure and the quality and length of training varies widely. Despite its popularity,[3][4] NLP continues to be controversial, particularly for use in therapy, and after three decades of existence remains scientifically unvalidated.[5]

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History and development

NLP Forums list

Representational systems and Preferred representational systems

Milton model

NLP - Meta model

NLP - Internal ‘maps’ of the worldInternal ‘maps’ of the world

NLP Concepts and methods

Neuro-linguistic programming