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Research reviews

Research reviews
NLP and science, List of studies on Neuro-linguistic programming

Peer-reviewed psychological and experimental literature in NLP has been sporadic.

Sharpley (1987), stated that the techniques and underlying theory of NLP, as a counseling tool, were both empirically unvalidated and unsupported.[1] A literature review by Sharpley (1984) found “little research evidence supporting its usefulness as an effective counseling tool”[40] and no reproducible support for preferred representational systems (PRS) and predicate matching.[16] Sharpley (1987) states “there are conclusive data from the research on NLP, and the conclusion is that the principles and procedures of NLP have failed to be supported by those data”.

Einspruch and Forman (1985) broadly agreed with Sharpley but disputed the conclusions identifying a failure to address methodological errors in the research reviewed. They stated “NLP is far more complex than presumed by researchers, and thus, the data are not true evaluations of NLP” adding that NLP is difficult to test under the traditional counseling framework. Moreover the research lacked a necessary understanding of pattern recognition as part of advanced NLP training and furthermore, that there was inadequate control of context, an unfamiliarity with NLP as an approach to therapy, inadequate definitions of rapport and numerous logical mistakes in the research methodology.[11]

Sharpley (1987) responded with more studies on the basic tenets of NLP stating “certainly research data do not support the rather extreme claims that proponents of NLP have made as to the validity of its principles or the novelty of its procedures.” and also that NLP may be untestable stating “perhaps NLP principles are not amenable to research evaluation. This does not necessarily reduce NLP to worthlessness for counseling practice. LIMITED TIME OFFER 20% OFF every order; Fast, Reliable and Best prices; Satisfaction 100% guaranteed. Astelin (azelastine) prevents sneezing, itching, runny nose, and other nasal Do not use Astelin without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. Guarantee Low Price. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Astelin)AstelinOct 19, 2008 The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Astastelin, azelastine, allergy, nasal spray ASTELIN. Rather, it puts NLP in the same category as psychoanalysis, that is, with principles not easily demonstrated in laboratory settings but, nevertheless, strongly supported by clinicians in the field.” [1]

Druckman and Swets (1988) (USNRC) found that “studies fail to provide an empirical base of support for NLP assumptions…or NLP effectiveness. The committee cannot recommend the employment of such an unvalidated technique”. They also concluded matching representational systems to gain rapport was ineffective, however the idea of modeling of expert performance “merits further consideration” [2]. In a follow up study on modeling (amongst other matters) by Swets and Bjork (1991) NLP was not included except by way of acknowledgment for the idea.[41]

Michael Heap (1988), a researcher in hypnosis, asserted that “the effectiveness of NLP therapy undertaken in authentic clinical contexts of trained practitioners has not yet been properly investigated.” and further that “there is not, and never has been, any substance to the conjecture that people represent their world internally in a preferred mode which may be inferred from their choice of predicates and from their eye movements.”[17]

Efran and Lukens (1990) stated that the “original interest in NLP turned to disillusionment after the research and now it is rarely even mentioned in psychotherapy”.[42]

Barry Beyerstein (1990) asserts that “though it claims neuroscience in its pedigree, NLP’s outmoded view of the relationship between cognitive style and brain function ultimately boils down to crude analogie Avapro 300 mg. Accurate, FDA approved Avapro information for healthcare professionals and patients - brought to you by Drugs. The antihypertensive effects of AVAPRO (irbesartan) were examined in 7 major The mean blood pressure achieved was 142/77 mmHg for AVAPRO, 142/76 mmHgAvapro 300mg 100 Tablets $79. Accurate, FDA approved Avapro information for healthcare professionals and patients - brought to you by Drugs. s.”[43] With reference to all the ‘neuromythologies’ covered in his article, including NLP, he states “In the long run perhaps the heaviest cost extracted by neuromythologists is the one common to all pseudosciences—deterioration in the already low levels of scientific literacy and critical thinking in society. “[43]

Von Bergen et al (1997) state NLP was dropped from the experimental psychology research stream. They stated that “in relation to current understanding of neurology and perception, NLP is in error” and that “NLP does not stand up to scientific scrutiny” [ The timely difference of PRANDIN ® (repaglinide) Tablets PRANDIN ® lowers your blood glucose levels by helping your body release insulin, like some other oral medications do forPrandin 90 Pills X 1 Mg, Pletal No Prescription, Nexium 30 Pills X 40 Mg, Buy Prilosec, Zocor Overnight. Includes Prandin side effects, interactions and indications. Some commonly used brand namesPrandin and Starlix, meglitinides, are type 2 medications that increase first phase insulin release in the pancreas. Medical information about Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Type 1, and Metabolic Disorders treatment and medications. 44].

Carbonell and Figley at Florida State University, Traumatology have published an exploratory study on V/KD, a component of NLP, and three other novel treatments for trauma (Thought Field Therapy, Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing and Traumatic Incident Reduction). The active ingredient for V/KD, was in deliberately creating a temporary state of dissociation from the traumatic event. However, this study was not designed as an outcome study, thus no conclusions can be drawn about the efficacy of these techniques from that study.[45][46][47] With reference to this exploratory study (including NLP) John Wilson states that while it is “adequately descriptive of the clinical procedures, there is little, if any, empirically validated dated outcome studies to substantiate a theory driven and research informed brief treatment (p. 173–207).”[48]

Donald Eisner (2000) in The Death of Psychotherapy, states that “There is only one problem with the claims made by NLP and the IDEA Seminars: not one iota of clinical research supports any of the c Call: 1-800-501-4214. Prescribing Information for VASOTEC. Prescribing Information for VASOTEC. Free shipping for all orders. laims. Apparently, no peer-reviewed research has been published for over a decade. Moreover, there has been virtually no comparative research recently that assesses NLP’s effectiveness. Word of mouth, reputation, charisma and neatly packaged seminars seem to constitute proof of NLP’s favorable outcome. If such incredible results had truly been achieved, why haven’t they been documented and presented to the scientific community and the general public”.[49]

Lilienfield et al (2002), describe NLP as “a scientifically unsubstantiated therapeutic method that purports to “program” brain functioning through a variety of techniques, including mirroring the postures and nonverbal behaviors of clients” and include it in their description “(Quick Fix + Pseudoscientific Gloss) x Credulous Public = High Income”.[50].

Devilly (2005) states that “at the time of its introduction, NLP was heralded as a breakthrough in therapy and advertisements for training workshops, videos and books began to appears in trade magazines. The workshops provided certification… However, controlled studies shed such a poor light on the practice, and those promoting the intervention made such extreme and changeable claims that researchers began to question the wisdom of researching the area further and even suggested that NLP was an untestable theory”…”NLP is no longer as prevalent as it was in the 1970s or 1980s, but is still practiced in small pockets of the human resource community. The science has come and gone, yet the belief still remains”.

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